India-China Relations

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh

For Pakistan’s intention to operation its new Hangor-class submarines in the Bay of Bengal – home to India’s Eastern and Nicobar naval commands – is “strategically significant less for its immediate military effect than for its audacious geopolitical symbolism”, according to Swaran Singh.But the capability question cannot be separated from its strategic context. Singh points to timing: PNS Hangor’s arrival coincides with the deepening of a China-Pakistan naval partnership that now encompasses joint drills and co-production agreements, as well as China’s expanding Indian Ocean presence.The prospect of Pakistani submarines operating in those same waters, potentially networked with Chinese platforms, raised what Singh described as the spectre of “coordinated strategic pressure on both India’s eastern and western seaboards.”Singh said the “greater challenge” for India was not a Pakistani submarine itself, but the “gradual emergence of a China-enabled undersea ecosystem around India’s periphery” that could chip away at the maritime advantages Delhi has taken for granted since 1971.“What changes is not the balance of power but the balance of uncertainty,” Singh said.

Swaran Singh

स्वर्ण सिंह (Swaran Singh)

quoted in Outlook magazine story: “China’s dominance is a structural reality. It remains the largest economy in BRICS, with the highest levels of exports, imports and financial capacity,” says Swaran Singh of the School of International Studies, Jwaharlal Nehru University. “Naturally, this gives Beijing a disproportionately strong influence, and that imbalance is unlikely to change in the near future given the scale of China’s economy,” adds Singh. “Unlike institutions like the IMF [International Monetary Fund], where major reforms are difficult without Washington’s approval, BRICS has demonstrated greater flexibility in introducing alternative financial mechanisms and reforms,” says Singh. “In many ways, BRICS represents an evolving alternative template in global economic governance,” he adds.

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh

quoted in TRT World report on 1st anniversary of Op Sindoor. Singh described the current state as one of “institutionalised hostility” and warned that if the stalemate continues, long-term risks include “entrenched conflict normalisation, a Chinese-driven regional arms race, and progressive erosion of third-party leverages.”

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh, a professor of international relations at JNU, said India's high growth rate is driven by a combination of structural, demographic, policy, and external factors. "India has a young and expanding workforce, with a median age of around 28 years — providing a sustained supply of labor and constantly rising domestic consumption levels," he said. "This demographic dividend supports long-term growth if matched with skills and jobs." Also, an expanding middle class spearheading domestic demand is a major locomotive of higher growth, he said. The professor added that structural reforms over the past decade have improved economic efficiency, and that services-led growth remains a comparative advantage.

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh

Based on my interview (स्वर्ण सिंह से धीरेंद्र प्रताप सिंह की बातचित)

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh et.al. (co-edited)

quoted in Associated Press report: “The mood on the border for four years has been one of preparing for war, therefore turning them into peacetime deployments is going to be an operational, mental, psychological and structural activity, which is, again, going to take a certain amount of time,” said Swaran Singh, professor at the School of International Studies at New Delhi’s Jawaharlal Nehru University.

Swaran Singh

quoted in China Daily saying “Nothing can be more credible than two national leaders jointly announcing their commitment to resolve border tensions. This will not only initiate the process of disengagement and de-escalation on their Line of Actual Control (LAC), but also contribute to enhancing their bilateral cooperation, with regional and global implications,” said Swaran Singh, a professor of international relations at the Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi.

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh

Report by Xu WeiWei says: While China is projected to become the world’s largest economy in the future, India is all set to become the world’s third largest economy, said Swaran Singh, a professor for diplomacy and disarmament at Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) in New Delhi. ALSO READ: China, India urged to bolster win-win ties, diversify trade “So, expansion of their economic engagement is natural given the size of their population, rapidly growing economies and consumerism of youth and middle class on both sides,” he said. According to Singh, the reason for China-India two-way trade surpassing India’s trade with the United States lies in the nature of India’s over $100 billion in imports from China. India’s imports from China are largely low-tech consumer products coming in large volumes, compared to India’s expectations of high-end imports form the US, he said. “Small-town, small-time traders of India have ensured this by importing cheap commodities across various sectors,” said Singh.

स्वर्ण सिंह (Swaran Singh)

स्वर्ण सिंह (Swaran Singh)

Report by Maria Siao: quoted in South China Morning Post saying India – and also the United States – had often expressed displeasure to Sri Lanka on the increasing presence of Chinese combat and research vessels in the Indian Ocean, that occasionally anchor on Sri Lankan ports. This one-year moratorium could be seen “as a noticeable victory for India”, Singh said, but noted that the short duration meant China’s growing maritime presence in the Indian Ocean would “continue to be a matter of concern” for Delhi. Singh, who is also a member of the governing board at the Delhi-based Society of Indian Ocean Studies, said that given Sri Lanka’s coming presidential election in April, “Colombo did not wish to trigger any tensions with its immediate neighbour”.

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh et al. (co-edited)

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh, professor at JNU in New Delhi, said the fact that Muizzu has moved from his "India out "campaign to development through diplomatic ties with all is a good sign. "This is also usual that the shrill and noise of electioneering that makes candidates less emotive and polemical campaigns are invariably followed by sober and saner visions once they come to power. So this positive change in President Muizzu's outline is on expected lines. Understandably India endorses such a multi-alignment policy."

Correspondent Shweta Sharma quoted me: Swaran Singh, professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University, says Xi’s presence was important for both bilateral relations and for the platform as China is the world’s second largest economy. “It definitely has an impact now. How much that impact is, that remains to be seen because another way of looking at such multilateral meetings is that nations take positions, nations decide who will be representing them. China is participating,” he says. “But I also understand that President Xi’s presence would have made a difference not just for the G20 level, but also because so much happens on the sidelines in all these multilateral meetings.”

Reporter Aparajit Charaborty quote me on China’s concerns about India’s import restrictions on import of laptops: “Wang’s comments are welcome and in tune with India’s own efforts”, said Swaran Singh, a professor of international relations at the Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi. While each nation has its priorities, strengths, and challenges, BRICS members can surely explore new areas for their expanded cooperation given the shared spirit of expanding mutual trade and commerce, Singh added.

BBC के अंशुल सिंह की रिपोर्ट: भारत-चीन राष्ट्र सुरक्षा सलाहकारों की बैठक पर रिपोर्ट में मेरे विचार: डॉ. स्वर्ण सिंह कहते हैं, ''देशों के बीच जितना मतभेद होता है, उतनी ही परिभाषाएं निकलती हैं कि बैठक में क्या हुआ. इसके पीछे एक मंशा भी होती है कि बैठक की किस बात को ज़्यादा तवज्जो देना है और किसे तवज्जो नहीं देना है. चूंकि भारत-चीन के बीच मतभेद काफ़ी गहरे हैं, इसलिए ये कोई चौंकाने वाली बात नहीं है कि बैठक को लेकर दोनों के मत अलग-अलग हैं.'' पूरी रिपोर्ट के लिए यहाँ पढ़ें

BBC हिंदी के शुभम किशोर : जेएनयू में प्रोफ़ेसर स्वर्ण सिंह कहते हैं, "चीन और वियतनाम के बीच अपनी भूमि और समुद्री सीमा, दोनों को लेकर विवाद रह चुका है. समुद्री सीमा अभी भी विवादित है." उनका कहना है कि वियतनाम को भारत के साथ रक्षा सहयोग से लगातार फ़ायदा होता रहा है. वो कहते हैं, "यह भारत की एक्ट ईस्ट नीति के साथ-साथ क्वाड प्लस देशों के साथ संबंध बेहतर करने की भारत की कोशिश का भी हिस्सा है जिसमें न्यूजीलैंड, दक्षिण कोरिया और वियतनाम शामिल हैं." " भारत और वियतनाम दोनों के अपने पड़ोसी देश चीन के साथ जटिल समीकरण हैं और सैन्य साझेदारी को चीन दक्षिण चीन सागर में अपनी संप्रभुता के दावों के ख़िलाफ उठाया कदम मानता है." विदेश मामलों के जानकार रॉबिन्दर सचदेवा का भी मानना है, "युद्धपोत देना दोनों देशों के बीच रिश्तों में एक बड़ा कदम है क्योंकि चीन से दोनों देशों के रिश्ते बहुत अच्छे नहीं है. दक्षिण चीन सागर में दोनों देशों का हित जुड़ा है, इसलिए इसे चीन से जोड़कर देखना गलत नहीं होगा." हालांकि भारत ने कई बार यह स्पष्ट किया है कि भारत-वियतनाम रक्षा सहयोग भारत की एक्ट ईस्ट नीति का हिस्सा है और इसका भारत की चीन नीति से कोई लेना-देना नहीं है. स्वर्ण सिंह के मुताबिक दोनों देशों के स्वतंत्रता सेनानियों के बीच मजबूत तालमेल रहा है जो कि गांधीजी, नेहरू और हो ची मिन्ह के बीच पत्रों के आदान-प्रदान में देखा गया है.

Swaran Singh

Swarn Singh (my interview by Zhao Manfeng)

By P.K. Balachandran Editor

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh

Correspondent Tom O’Conor quoted me: 11 April 2023: quoted in this week’s Newsweek magazine: Swaran Singh, a visiting professor at the University of British Columbia with decades of experience lecturing at India's major diplomatic and military institutions, also argued that managing this relationship was essential for achieving the long-term objectives of both powers. "De-escalation is the only way as both China and India cannot afford to derail their development trajectories and miss their imagined historic resurgence to the center stage of world affairs," Singh told Newsweek. "But as two rapidly growing economies and peer civilizational states reclaiming their place under the sun, their competition remains inevitable." And yet, with border tensions still simmering, Singh asserted that "both sides agree on the need to begin a new chapter of confidence building to suit their new avatar as rapidly developing major powers.” At the same time, he said "both also continue with heavy forward deployments while also working on military disengagement which has been, even in face of regular core commander level and inter-ministerial meetings, patchy and uneven.”

Swaran Singh

Reporter Li Wenhan quote me saying : Xi's GCI must be read along with his vision of building a community with a shared future, his speech at the 2019 Conference on Dialogue of Asian Civilizations, and more recently his GSI, GDI and his vision of Chinese modernization that talks of connecting humans to nature, better regulation and distribution of wealth and seeking prosperity for all, Swaran Singh, professor of international relations at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi, India and currently visiting professor at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada, explained to Beijing Review.

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh

BBC हिंदी के इक़बाल अहमद की रिपोर्ट में: 22 फ़रवरी 2023: BBC हिन्दी से बातचीत में प्रोफ़ेसर स्वर्ण सिंह कहते हैं कि भारत के रवैये के कारण चीन की रणनीति में बदलाव आया है. पहले चीन सीमा पर दो क़दम आगे, एक क़दम पीछे की रणनीति अपनाता था लेकिन अब उससे हटकर उसने सीमा पर भारी संख्या में सैनिकों की तैनाती कर दी है. चीन के जवाब में भारत ने भी बहुत बड़ी संख्या में अपने सैनिकों को तैनात किया हुआ है. प्रोफ़ेसर स्वर्ण सिंह कहते हैं कि सीमा पर तनाव बना हुआ है, लेकिन स्थिरता भी बरक़रार है. वो कहते हैं, "चीन और भारत उभरती हुई शक्तियां हैं. इसलिए दोनों देश चाहेंगे कि इस तरह के किसी तनाव से दोनों की तरक़्क़ी में कोई चोट ना पहुंचे. दोनों ही देश तनाव को एक सीमा से आगे बढ़ा कर एक-दूसरे का नुक़सान नहीं करना चाहेंगे."

Curil Ip of South China Morning Post quoted me : 30 Jan 2023: Quoted in South China Morning Post: Swaran Singh, an Int Relations expert & visiting professor at Univ of British Columbia, said China’s statements should not be overanalysed. “The US over the yrs downsizing its presence & engagement with Middle East has seen China becoming an important player in the region… increasing its eco links & investments in region, as showcased by China-Arab nations summits,” Singh said. But China must “tread carefully”, given the enduring nature of Israel-Palestine conflict & deep rooted links between US and Israel, as Beijing’s position could add to China-US tensions, he said.

Aparajit Chakroborty quoted me in his report : “This articulation of a positive outlook toward India by China’s new foreign minister is reassuring, said Professor Swaran Singh, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University or JNU, New Delhi. It also underlines the high priority that he wishes to attach to India-China relations.”

Swaran Singh et al. (co-edited)

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Cyril Ip quote me in her report saying : 30 Nov 2022: my interview based report on China-Kazakhstan relations in South China Morning Post (Hongkong). Swaran Singh, an Asian affairs expert and visiting political science professor at the University of British Columbia, said that while Beijing and Astana have long remained friendly, many geopolitical factors have motivated Beijing to reinforce ties with its Central Asian neighbours. “With the Ukraine war, the world faces continuing shortages and price hikes in energy supplies which worries China, the world’s largest energy importing nation, [and] also its major suppliers,” Singh said, adding that Beijing’s commitments to carbon neutrality by 2060 and its planned shift towards renewable energy have also added pressure. Singh, who is also an adjunct fellow at the Charhar Institute, an independent international relations think tank in China, said that beyond its role as a key source of gas, oil and coal, Kazakhstan is “the most critical link” between China’s railways and those of Central Asia and Europe. “China’s 2,000km-long (1,243 miles) oil pipeline from the Caspian Sea, and two parallel gas pipelines … from Turkmenistan to Xinjiang, pass through Kazakhstan,” Singh said, adding that since Xinjiang is a “sensitive” region, Beijing is conscious about ensuring stability and good relations with its largest neighbour to the west.

Swaran Singh

BBC हिंदी के चंदन कुमार जजबाढ़े के रिपोर्ट में: "यह भारत की पुरानी नीति रही है. पंचशील के सिद्धांतों में इसका ज़िक्र है कि भारत और चीन एक-दूसरे के आंतरिक मामलों में दख़ल नहीं देंगे. इसलिए भारत 'वन चाइना पॉलिसी' को भी मानता है. ऐसे में भारत अपनी पुरानी नीति को बदलकर चीन के साथ अपने संबंधों को और ख़राब नहीं करना चाहता."

Swaran Singh

Aparajit Chakraborty report in China Daily quote me on China-India foreign ministers missing to meet at UN: indicates the “inability to find a common ground on their complex equations”. From Indian point of view this perhaps reflects the sentiment expressed in India’s new formulation that normalcy in bilateral relations depends on normalcy on the border, the professor added. See less

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh

Maria Siow’s report quotes me saying India’s deliberate ambiguity, reluctance to reiterate the one-China principle and “delayed and rather muted response” to Pelosi’s trip at least partly stems from heightened tensions in recent years at their disputed border, said Swaran Singh, a visiting political-science professor at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. India does not follow in lockstep with any other major power, said Singh from the University of British Columbia, and is instead “becoming increasingly assertive in pursuing its own national interests that demand smart balancing”. China-India relations: as Beijing asks for one-China reassurance, New Delhi demurs. Why? | South China Morning Post

Interviewed by Mayank Singh

Swaran Singh (with Yves Toberghien)

स्वर्ण सिंह

Xu Weiwei report quoted me saying that apart from security fears, India has been concerned about China being the largest source for India's imports. He suggested that enhancing mutual trust between the two countries could help address the issue. He also believes that the apps ban is aimed at redressing India's security concerns, and that it can "create new opportunities for local startups' efforts to create more locally grounded alternatives"

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Swaran Singh

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Swaran Singh

वात्सल्य राय के साथ साक्षात्कार

Swaran Singh

Shweta Sharma quoted me saying: Returning to the quieter, more peaceful past along the Himalayan border may not actually be possible now that so much building has gone on in the vicinity of it, says Delhi-based foreign policy expert Swaran Singh, meaning more drawn-out forward deployments and face-offs between patrols will be inevitable.

Maria Siow’s report quoted me sayingChina’s summit (with Central Asian Republics yesterday), meanwhile, might have been motivated at least in part by a leadership change in Kazakhstan, said Swaran Singh, professor of international studies at the Jawaharlal Nehru University of Delhi.“ Kazakhstan, China’s biggest partner in the region, has seen the end of an era from a pro-Beijing President [Nursultan] Nazarbayev to Tokayev who is seen as closer to Moscow,” Singh said. Nazarbayev stepped down in 2019 after nearly three decades as president, but had remained head of the country’s security council until last month when the title was stripped from him after fuel price rises triggered unrest in the country’s capital Almaty. Beijing’s summit, Singh said, was it trying to put its “stamp of credibility” on things. Singh, from the Jawaharlal Nehru University, said that while Central Asian nations often felt caught between China and Russia, they were keen to turn to India as an economic and political alternative. “From past partnerships, they are aware of India’s potential in varying fields from education to pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbons, tourism, information, cyber and space technologies,” Singh said.

अनंत प्रकाश की रिपोर्ट में

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh

Swaran Singh

BBC हिंदी न्यूज़ की सरोज सिंह की रिपोर्ट में : जवाहरलाल नेहरू विश्वविद्यालय में स्कूल ऑफ़ इंटरनेशनल स्टडी के प्रोफ़ेसर स्वर्ण सिंह कहते हैं, "चीन का पाकिस्तान के साथ सीमा को लेकर 1963 में समझौता हुआ था. वो समझौता 'अस्थायी' था. लेकिन चीन और पाकिस्तान के बीच दोस्ती है जो किसी से छुपी नहीं है. इसलिए आज के संदर्भ में चीन का सीमा विवाद केवल भारत और भूटान से है. भूटान से भी बातचीत के जरिए इसे हल करने की कोशिशें जारी है. ऐसे में भारत की मुश्किलें नए क़ानून से सबसे ज़्यादा बढ़ सकती हैं." वो कहते हैं, "चीन के नए क़ानून में समुद्री सीमाओं की बात नहीं की गई है. ये क़ानून केवल भूमि सीमा पर लागू है. इसके साथ ही क़ानून में दो शब्दों पर ज़ोर है. पहला 'प्रोटेक्शन' यानी सीमा की सुरक्षा और दूसरा है 'एक्सप्लॉयटेशन'. यहाँ इस शब्द का मतलब 'विकास' से है." प्रोफ़ेसर स्वर्ण सिंह नए क़ानून में 'सीमावर्ती इलाकों' के इस्तेमाल को भी अहम मानते हैं. वो कहते हैं, "भारत के परिपेक्ष्य में इसका मतलब हुआ कि चीन ने रक्षा के प्रबंधन को सीमा ही नहीं बल्कि सीमा के आस-पास के क्षेत्र के आर्थिक और सामाजिक विकास के साथ अब जोड़ दिया है." "आसान भाषा में समझे तो अब चीन बॉर्डर के पास नए शहर बसाएगा, उनको रेल, रोड, बिजली जैसी सुविधाओं से जोड़ेगा. सीमा क्षेत्र में विकास लाकर चीन अपनी सुरक्षा और संप्रभुता को और प्रबल करना चाहता है.

Swaran Singh (co-author)

BBC हिंदी न्यूज़ की सरोज सिंह की रिपोर्ट में: 14 Sept 2021: जवाहरलाल नेहरू विश्वविद्यालय में स्कूल ऑफ़ इंटरनेशनल स्टडी के प्रोफ़ेसर स्वर्ण सिंह कहते हैं, "चीन के सामने सबसे बड़ी चुनौती भी है और मौक़ा भी है कि वो तालिबान को राज़ी कर लें कि अपनी ज़मीन का इस्तेमाल चीन विरोधी आतंकवादी गतिविधियों के लिए नहीं होने देगा. तालिबान ने चीन, रूस, भारत सबसे इस बारे में वादा तो किया है. लेकिन अपने वादे पर तालिबान कितना क़ायम रहता है, यही देखना होगा."

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The Print Team quoted me : “India, China must find alternate equilibria in their hugely transformed equation”: “Remembering Galwan incidents teaches us how our conventional mechanisms and mannerisms of resolving border standoffs have become ineffective and outdated. After dozen-plus long-drawn interactions between India and China at the level of military core commanders and senior ministers, we have not yet achieved even full military disengagement on the LAC to our satisfaction. We achieved disengagement only on the Pangong Lake area where India had managed to clinch critical strategic advantage on the South bank of the Pangong Tso whereas other points of confrontation still remain militarised with heavy deployment from both sides. “History teaches us that such episodes were resolved only by structural changes plus bold initiatives by strong and ambitious leaders. This time again untying these knots would require direct intervention from the very top. The upcoming BRICS Summit in September could be that important occasion to find a breakthrough in disengagement followed by early demobilisation at the LAC to return to the peace and tranquillity template of their border management. But learning from Doklam and Galwan, both sides must explore building a new set of confidence-building measures to find alternate equilibria in their hugely transformed India-China equation.” — Swaran Singh, Professor and Chair, Centre for International Politics, Organization and Disarmament, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University

Khin Maung Soe quoted me : With healthcare emerging as the focal point for many years to come, and as home for 36 percent of humanity of this planet, China and India working together remains a prerequisite for building a shared future of humankind. Dr. Swaran Singh , the author is professor and chairman at Centre for International Politics, Organisation and Disarmament, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.

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China’s stand in the recent India-Pakistan tensions reinforces incremental pro-India tilt in Beijing

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Swaran Singh: Over the last year, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s China policy has revealed the continuation of India’s asymmetric strategies—seeking to build multiple alignments while remaining grounded in strategic autonomy. India has no qualms about acting as China’s junior partner—and accepting China’s help in reviving its manufacturing sector—in order to ensure its unhindered rise. India also intends to gradually participate in China’s Silk Road network by linking with it India’s Spice Route and Project Mausam. But even as it seeks this dialogue and partnership with China, India continues to build a stronger partnership with the United States. Swaran Singh discussed the perils of walking this tightrope, and Carnegie’s Frederic Grare moderated.

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斯瓦兰·辛格 印度外交部长克里希纳今天开始了他为期三天的北京之行。

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to Mr. Masashi Okuyama, Chief Correspondent,

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